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Public economics (or economics of the public sector) is the study of government policy through the lens of economic efficiency and equity. At its most basic level, public economics provides a framework for thinking about whether or not the government should participate in economics markets and to what extent its role should be. In order to do so, microeconomic theory is utilized to assess whether the private market is likely to provide efficient outcomes in the absence of governmental interference. Inherently, this study involves the analysis of government taxation and expenditures. This subject encompasses a host of topics including market failures, externalities, and the creation and implementation of government policy. Public economics builds on the theory of welfare economics and is ultimately used as a tool to improve social welfare.〔Serge-Christophe Kolm, 1987. "public economics," ''The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics'', v. 3, pp. 1047–55. (Table of Contents. )〕 Broad methods and topics include: * the theory and application of public finance〔• Richard A. Musgrave, 2008. "public finance," ''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. ( Abstract. ) • _____, 1959. ''The Theory of Public Finance: A Study in Public Economy''. J.M. Buchanan review, (1st page. )〕 * analysis and design of public policy〔• Dani Rodrik, 1996. "Understanding Economic Policy Reform," ''Journal of Economic Literature'', 34(1), pp. (9–41. ) From ''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics Online'', 2008. Abstract links for: • ( behavioural public economics" ) by B. Douglas Bernheim and Antonio Rangel • ("fiscal federalism" ) by David E. Wildasin • ("hazardous waste, economics of" ) by Hilary Sigman. • ( "nutrition and public policy in advanced economies" ) by Janet Currie.〕 * distributional effects of taxation and government expenditures〔''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics'', 2008, 2nd Edition. Abstract/contents links for: • ("public finance" ) by Richard A. Musgrave • ( "consumption taxation" ) by James M. Poterba • ("distributive politics and targeted public spending" ) by Brian G. Knight • ("generational accounting" ) by Jagadeesh Gokhale • ("nutrition and public policy in advanced economies" ) by Janet Currie • ("progressive and regressive taxation" ) by William Vickrey and Efe A. Ok • ("redistribution of income and wealth" ) by F.A. Cowell • ("tax expenditures" ) by Daniel N. Shaviro • ("taxation and poverty" ) by John Karl Scholz • ("welfare state" ) by Assar Lindbeck. • (social insurance and public policy ) by Jonathan Gruber.〕 * analysis of market failure〔''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics'', 2008, 2nd Edition. Abstract links for: • ( "market failure" ) by John O. Ledyard • ("bureaucracy" ) by Mancur Olson • ("health insurance, economics of" ) by Joseph P. Newhouse • ( "mandated employer provision of employee benefits" ) by Jonathan Gruber • ("public goods" ) by Agnar Sandmo〕 and government failure.〔• Sharun W. Mukand, 2008. "policy reform, political economy of," ''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics'' 2nd Edition. (Abstract. ) • James M. Buchanan, 2008. "public debt," ''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics'' 2nd Edition. (Abstract. ) • Mrinal Datta-Chaudhuri, 1990. "Market Failure and Government Failure," ''Journal of Economic Perspectives'', 4(3) , pp. (25-39. ). • Kenneth J. Arrow, 1969. "The Organization of Economic Activity: Issues Pertinent to the Choice of Market versus Non-market Allocations," in ''Analysis and Evaluation of Public Expenditures: The PPP System''. Washington, D.C., Joint Economic Committee of Congress. PDF reprint as pp. (1-16 ) (press +). • Joseph E. Stiglitz, 2009. "Regulation and Failure," in David Moss and John Cisternino (eds.), ''New Perspectives on Regulation'', ch. 1, pp. (11-23. ) Cambridge: The Tobin Project.〕 Emphasis is on analytical and scientific methods and normative-ethical analysis, as distinguished from ideology. Examples of topics covered are tax incidence,〔Gilbert E. Metcalf, 2008. "tax incidence," ''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics'', 2nd Edition. (Abstract. )〕 optimal taxation,〔Louis Kaplow, 2008. "optimal taxation," ''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics'', 2nd Edition. (Abstract. )〕 and the theory of public goods.〔• Agnar Sandmo, 2008."public goods," ''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics'', 2nd Edition. (Abstract. ) • Serge-Christophe Kolm, 1987. "public economics," ''The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics'', v. 3, pp. 1047-48. • Anthony B. Atkinson and Joseph E. Stiglitz, 1980. ''Lectures in Public Economics'', McGraw-Hill, pp. vii-xi. • Mancur Olson, 1971, 2nd ed.''The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups'', Harvard University Press, (Description ) and chapter-previews links, pp. (ix )-(x. )〕 ==Subject range== The Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) classification codes are one way categorizing the range of economics subjects. There, Public Economics, one of 19 primary classifications, has 8 categories. They are listed below with JEL-code links to corresponding available article-preview links of The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics Online (2008) and with similar footnote links for each respective ''sub''category if available:〔Of which a complete list with Wikipedia links is at JEL classification codes#Public economics JEL: H Subcategories〕 :(JEL: H (all) ) – Public Economics :(JEL: H0 ) – General :(JEL: H1 ) – Structure and Scope of Government〔(JEL: H11 ) – Structure, Scope, and Performance of Government (JEL: H12 ) - Crisis management〕 :(JEL: H2 ) – Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue〔(JEL: H21 ) – Efficiency; Optimal taxation JEL: H22 – Incidence (JEL: H23 ) – Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental taxes and Subsidies (JEL: H24 ) – Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies JEL: H25 – Business Taxes and Subsidies JEL: H26 – Tax evasion〕 :(JEL: H3 ) – Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents〔JEL: H31 – Household JEL: H32 – Firm〕 :(JEL: H4 ) – Publicly Provided Goods〔JEL: H40 – General (JEL: H41 ) – Public goods (JEL: H42 ) – Publicly Provided Private Goods (JEL: H43 ) – Project Evaluation; Social Discount Rate JEL: H44 - Publicly Provided Goods: Mixed Markets〕 :(JEL: H5 ) – National Government Expenditures and Related Policies〔( JEL: H51 ) – Government Expenditures and Health JEL: H52 – Government Expenditures and Education JEL: H53 – Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs (JEL: H54 ) – Infrastructures; Other Public Investment and Capital Stock (JEL: H55 ) – Social security and Public Pensions JEL: H56 – National Security and War JEL: H57 – Procurement〕 :(JEL: H6 ) – National Budget, Deficit, and Debt〔(JEL: H60 ) – General JEL: H61 – Budget; Budget Systems JEL: H62 – Deficit; Surplus JEL: H63 - Debt; Debt Management; Sovereign Debt JEL: H68 – Forecasts of Budgets, Deficits, and Debt (JEL: H69 ) – Other〕 :(JEL: H7 ) – State and Local Government; Intergovernmental Relations〔JEL: H71 – State and Local Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue JEL: H72 – State and Local Budget and Expenditures (JEL: H73 ) – Interjurisdictional Differentials and Their Effects (JEL: H74 ) – State and Local Borrowing JEL: H75 - State and Local Government: Health; Education; Welfare; Public Pensions JEL: H76 - State and Local Government: Other Expenditure Categories JEL: H77 - Intergovernmental Relations; Federalism; Secession〕 :(JEL: H8 ) – Miscellaneous Issues.〔JEL: H80 – General JEL: H81 – Governmental Loans, Loan guarantee, Credits, and Grants; Bailouts JEL: H82 – Governmental Property JEL: H83 – Public administration; Public Sector Accounting and Audits JEL: H84 - Disaster Aid JEL: H87 – International Fiscal Issues; International Public Goods〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「public economics」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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